Application and mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: research progress.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.Copyright © 2022, Second Military Medical University Press. All rights reserved.

Self-medication among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative analysis of different faculties

Self-medication is a widespread public health concern. University students are likely to be more prone to it since self-medication rates increase with educational level. Studies have shown that self-medication rates vary among academics belonging to different faculties, and medical students have the highest self-medication rates. However, it is unknown whether this holds in a vulnerable situation, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also unknown whether differences in technical knowledge of drugs influence self-medication rates among students. Thus, this study analyzes and compares prophylactic self-medication among graduate students of different faculties in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a private university in southern Brazil. Students from the medicine, law, life sciences, and fine arts faculties were surveyed, and their responses were compared using a chi-square test. Among 396 respondents, 29.5% reported using preventive medication for COVID-19, and medical students were the least likely to do so. The self-medication rate was 13.6% among respondents, and self-medication did not differ significantly between students of different faculties. Of the students who self-medicated 63% reported having studied the medication before using them. Furthermore, the media did not induce drug use among 81.8% respondents. These results show that medical students used fewer preventive medications during the pandemic and refute the assertion that self-medication rates are higher among medical students. They also show that self-medication rates during the pandemic were significantly lower than those before the pandemic. These revelations show a new aspect of self-medication.Copyright © 2021 Muslim OT et al.

Direct bilirubin and the neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio timely predict intensive care unit admission in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection (COVID-19)

Objective: Intensive care units (ICUs) collapsed under the global wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, we designed a clinical decision-making model that can help predict at hospital admission what patients with COVID-19 are at higher risk of requiring critical care. Method(s): This was a cross-sectional study in 119 patients that met hospitalization criteria for COVID-19 including less than 30 breaths per minute, peripheral oxygen saturation < 93%, and/or >= 50% lung involvement on imaging. Depending on the need for critical care, patients were retrospectively assigned to ICU and non-ICU groups. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected at admission and analyzed by classification and regression tree (CRT). Result(s): Forty-five patients were admitted to ICU and 80% of them were men older than 57.13 +/- 12.80 years on average. The leading comorbidity in ICU patients was hypertension. The CRT revealed that direct bilirubin (DB) > 0.315 mg/dl together with the neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) > 15.90 predicted up to correctly in 92% of the patients the requirement of intensive care management, with sensitivity of 93.2%. Preexisting comorbidities did not influence on the tree growing. Conclusion(s): At hospital admission, DB and NMR can help identify nine in 10 patients with COVID-19 at higher risk of ICU admission.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Medica del Hospital General de Mexico.

Case study from Kosovo - repetitive COVID-19 infection and pregnancy

A 25-year-old woman, gravida 2, with no medical history of cardiovascular nor other chronic diseases, came to the gynaecologist and described symptoms of a flu-like disease, including very high fever. The gyneacologist prescribed her antibiotics and paracetamol to calm down the fever. At 37 week of gestation she was admitted to the provincial COVID-19 treatment center for isolation and health care in University Clinical Center of Kosovo in Gynecology/Obstetrics department. All bacteriological tests, including hemocultures and cultures of urines were negative. She received antipyretics (acetaminophen), antispasmodics trimethylphloroglucinol and antibiotics (oral azithromycin for 5 days and intravenous ceftriaxone). Despite this treatments, fever and uterine contractions persisted therefor the commission of doctors decided to deliver the baby via ceserean section. The peritoneal cavity and uterus were found to be very inflamed. Fetal appendages as well as the bladder were strewn with eruptive, vesicular lesions bleeding on contact. After few hours after the delivery her temperature (36.5 degreeC) and blood pressure (120/60 mmHg) were normal. The baby was healthy and tested negative on the COVD-19 tests performed. The patients after 2 weeks of treatment and a negative COVID-19 result she was released to go home and was counselled to eat healthy and prescribed multivitamins for her immune system and regular follow ups with the gynecologist. In a period of 8 months the patient became pregnant again and got infected with the COVID-19 again at 25 weeks pregnant. This time the symptoms were not severe and she was followed up at home. The delivery was planned with cesarean section and the baby was in healthy conditions. The patient got vaccinated with Astra Zeneca COVID-19 vaccine after the delivery. Because of their changed physiology, susceptibility to infections, and weakened mechanical and immunological processes, pregnant women are a particularly vulnerable group in any infectious disease outbreak. The requirement to protect the fetus adds to the difficulty of controlling their health. Keywords: COVID-19, pregnant women, cesarean section, Kosovo, astra-zeneca vaccineCopyright © 2023

The effect of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients who did not receive corticosteroids

Background and Objective: At the beginning of the pandemic, Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was one of the most widely used drugs prescribed to patients admitted to hospitals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We try to find the effect of HCQ on the severity and mortality of patients who did not receive corticosteroids. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with COVID-19 disease were collected from February 20, 2020, to July 21, 2020, at Rouhani Hospital in Babol. Patients were followed up until December 6, 2021. In this study, 170 patients in case and control groups were studied. We used logistic and COX regression models to explore the effects of drugs. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22. Findings: The use of HCQ did not affect mortality (p=0.46, 95%CI= 0.63 to 2.71, OR= 1.31) and final severity (p= 0.75, 95%CI= 0.59 to 2.06, OR= 1.10) at admission time. However, azithromycin remained in the final model but did not have a significant effect (P= 0.08, HR= 0.28, 95%CI= 0.06 to 0.18). Heparin use was not associated with severity improvement (p= 0.06, 95%CI= 0.97 to 2.81, HR= 1.65), while ceftriaxone remained a factor affecting severity in the model (p = 0.03, 95% CI= 0.29 to 0.95, HR = 0.52). Conclusion: In this study, HCQ harmed mortality admission time and was ineffective in the long term. The use of ceftriaxone compared to other drugs showed protective effects against the mortality hospitalization time. Heparin is not recommended without considering the risk of bleeding in COVID-19 patients.

Sars cov-2 infection in a neonate in ghana: A case report

Backgrounds: The clinical and socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 are still being felt through-out the world. The disease affects people of all age groups, but it is known to have a milder clinical course in children including neonates. There is paucity of data from Sub-Saharan Africa on neonatal COVID-19 infection, and no such case has been reported in the literature in Ghana. Case presentation: This study presented a case report of a neonate who was found to be positive for COVID-19 infection after presenting symptoms such as respiratory distress, rhinorrhoea, and cough. This neonate was managed with in-hospital standard protocol for sepsis with a focus on pneumonia. Conclusion(s): The national guidelines on COVID-19 management were used for the neonate who was recovered and discharged.Copyright © 2021, TMU Press.

Clinical profile and outcomes of COVID-19 infection during the first wave in children with hematological illnesses and cancer: An observational study from a tertiary care center in North India

Background: Patients with cancer are at a higher risk of getting infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 owing to their immunocompromised state. Providing care to these patients amidst the first wave of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was extremely challenging. Objective(s): This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical profile and disease-related outcomes of pediatric patients with hematological illnesses and cancer. Material(s) and Method(s): This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center in North India during the first wave of the pandemic from March 2020 to December 2020. Children aged up to 18 years, who were treated for a hematological illness or malignancy or underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and tested positive for COVID-19 regardless of symptoms were included in the study. Baseline demographic data related to the age, diagnosis, treatment status, and chemotherapy protocol used were collected. Outcomes including the cure rates, comorbidities, and sequelae were recorded. Result(s): A total of 650 tests for COVID-19 were performed for 181 children;22 patients were found to be COVID-19 positive. The most common diagnosis was acute leukemia (63.6%). None of the patients developed COVID-19 pneumonia. The majority of patients had asymptomatic infection and were managed at home. Among those with a symptomatic infection, the most common symptoms were fever and cough. A total of 3 (13.6%) patients needed oxygen therapy, one developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome of children leading to cardiogenic shock. Three patients required intensive care or respiratory support;all the patients had favorable clinical outcomes. The median time from the onset of COVID-19 to a negative result on the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test was 21.3 days. Cancer treatment was modified in 15 patients (68.2%). Conclusion(s): Our results suggest that children with hemato-oncological illnesses rarely experience severe COVID-19 disease. The impact of the first wave of COVID-19 primarily manifested as disruptions in the logistic planning and administration of essential treatment to these children rather than COVID-19 sequelae.Copyright © 2021 Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.

Drug utilization study in patients affected with COVID-19 in a dedicated COVID hospital

Background: There exists a treatment dilemma regarding the optimal and effective use of therapeutic drugs (hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine/azithromycin) for COVID-19. Furthermore, with changing guidelines, the data on drug utilization patterns across India are limited. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the prescription pattern and drug utilization trends in COVID-19 patients with the aim to study the drug utilization pattern in patients affected with COVID-19 in a dedicated COVID-19 hospital. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To study drug utilization patterns according to the severity of the disease. (2) To study the prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from 100 medical records of patients 18 years irrespective of sex admitted in the COVID ward and ICU of a dedicated COVID hospital from May to August 2020. Pregnant and lactating women were excluded from the study. ADRs reported were also analyzed. Results: About 71% were mild in this study, 18% were moderate, and 11% were severe COVID-19 patients. Overall, the most common drugs prescribed were multivitamins, followed by pantoprazole, paracetamol, and azithromycin. Hydroxychloroquine was prescribed in 22%, favipiravir in 7%, and remdesivir in 3% of cases. The majority of moderate COVID patients received injectables piperacillin-tazobactam, methylprednisolone, and enoxaparin. The mean number of medications, duration of admission, and number of days on oxygen were higher and significant in moderate compared to mild and severe COVID patients. Overall, ADRs were encountered in 9% of cases. Conclusion: The prescribed pattern of drugs was by the national standard guidelines. Multivitamins, followed by pantoprazole, paracetamol, and azithromycin dominated the prescription pattern. Polypharmacy was encountered, which needs to be addressed for the rational use of drugs.

Cardiovascular Safety of Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin in 424 COVID-19 Patients.

Background and Objectives: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) combined with azithromycin (AZM) has been widely administered to patients with COVID-19 despite scientific controversies. In particular, the potential of prolong cardiac repolarization when using this combination has been discussed. Materials and Methods: We report a pragmatic and simple safety approach which we implemented among the first patients treated for COVID-19 in our center in early 2020. Treatment contraindications were the presence of severe structural or electrical heart disease, baseline corrected QT interval (QTc) > 500 ms, hypokalemia, or other drugs prolonging QTc that could not be interrupted. Electrocardiogram and QTc was evaluated at admission and re-evaluated after 48 h of the initial prescription. Results: Among the 424 consecutive adult patients (mean age 46.3 ± 16.1 years; 216 women), 21.5% patients were followed in conventional wards and 78.5% in a day-care unit. A total of 11 patients (2.6%) had contraindications to the HCQ-AZ combination. In the remaining 413 treated patients, there were no arrhythmic events in any patient during the 10-day treatment regimen. QTc was slightly but statistically significantly prolonged by 3.75 ± 25.4 ms after 2 days of treatment (p = 0.003). QTc prolongation was particularly observed in female outpatients <65 years old without cardiovascular disease. Ten patients (2.4%) developed QTc prolongation > 60 ms, and none had QTc > 500 ms. Conclusions: This report does not aim to contribute to knowledge of the efficacy of treating COVID-19 with HCQ-AZ. However, it shows that a simple initial assessment of patient medical history, electrocardiogram (ECG), and kalemia identifies contraindicated patients and enables the safe treatment of COVID-19 patients with HCQ-AZ. QT-prolonging anti-infective drugs can be used safely in acute life-threatening infections, provided that a strict protocol and close collaboration between infectious disease specialists and rhythmologists are applied.

Sonocrystallization of a novel ZIF/zeolite composite adsorbent with high chemical stability for removal of the pharmaceutical pollutant azithromycin from contaminated water.

Water pollution management, reduction, and elimination are critical challenges of the current era that threaten millions of lives. By spreading the coronavirus in December 2019, the use of antibiotics, such as azithromycin increased. This drug was not metabolized, and entered the surface waters. ZIF-8/Zeolit composite was made by the sonochemical method. Furthermore, the effect of pH, the regeneration of adsorbents, kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were attended. The adsorption capacity of zeolite, ZIF-8, and the composite ZIF-8/Zeolite were 22.37, 235.3, and 131 mg/g, respectively. The adsorbent reaches the equilibrium in 60 min, and at pH = 8. The adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic associated with increased entropy. The results of the experiment were analyzed using Langmuir isotherms and pseudo-second order kinetic models with a R2 of 0.99, and successfully removing the composite by 85% in 10 cycles. It indicated that the maximum amount of drug could be removed with a small amount of composite.

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in an adolescent girl with rapidly progressive dyspnea

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease, especially in pediatrics, but important to consider, as it may avoid unnecessary and/or invasive investigations and delayed diagnosis. This case report highlights an adolescent girl with rapid onset dyspnea but an unremarkable physical exam and initial testing. However, due to a high index of suspicion, a chest computed tomography (CT) scan was done, revealing a "crazy paving" pattern, which then prompted expedited assessment. This finding, however, is not as specific as often discussed and has a broad differential diagnosis, which will be reviewed in detail as part of this case. Furthermore, this report demonstrates a diagnostic approach for PAP that avoids lung biopsy, previously considered to be required for diagnosis of PAP, but is increasingly becoming unnecessary with more advanced blood tests and understanding of their sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, management strategies for PAP will be briefly discussed.Copyright © 2022 Canadian Thoracic Society.

Mortality from COVID-19 in patients with lung cancer

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), a global pandemic in March 2020. The pandemic outbreak has led to the most unprecedented and catastrophic loss of human life in the recent history. As of January 2021, there were more than 100 million cases of COVID-19 and more than two million deaths worldwide. Compared to the general population, patients with cancer are at a higher risk of poor outcomes from COVID-19. In large cohort studies, mortality from COVID-19 in patients with cancer can be as high as 40%. In addition to clinical variables (older age, male sex, and co-morbidities) that are associated with mortality in general population, cancer patients are uniquely vulnerable to severe COVID-19 due to immunosuppression from cancer and its therapy, and disruption of routine clinical care. Among patients with cancer, the lung cancer population is at a higher risk of poor outcomes and mortality from COVID-19 for several reasons. For instance, lung is the main target organ in COVID-19 that can lead to respiratory failure, patients with lung cancer have baseline poor lung function from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and smoking. In addition, some of the lung cancer treatment side-effects like pneumonitis, may obscure the diagnosis of COVID-19. In this article, we systematically review the most impactful cohort studies published to date in patients with cancer and COVID-19. We describe the rates of mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 with a special focus on the lung cancer population. We also summarize the factors associated with poor outcomes and mortality in patients with lung cancer and COVID-19.Copyright © The Author(s) 2021.

Audiovestibular and vaccination complications of COVID-19

Objectives: Since its first appearance in Wuhan December 2019, SARS-CoV2 virus received great attention due to its severe symptoms and high spread causing COVID-19 disease which spread all over the world like a pandemic. The causative virus is capable of human-to-human transmission via droplet and direct contact suggesting that upper respiratory tract is the main site to virus manifestations. There is a great diversity in its clinical picture, although the severe respiratory and neurological symptoms are commonly present;however, other symptoms are present. Although otological manifestations are reported in many COVID-19 patients even in asymptomatic cases, they did not receive much attention compared with other critical manifestations. In this article, we paid our attention specifically to the otological manifestations of COVID-19 and their relevance either to the virus infection, treatment, or vaccination through literature review. Conclusion(s): COVID-19 disease has a deleterious effect on the inner ear. This effect is not only due to SARS-Cov-2 infection, but it could be also due to the ototoxic drugs used for treatment. The COVID-19 vaccinations are found to be implicated in the otological symptoms in some cases.Copyright © 2022, The Author(s).

Placing Antimicrobial Resistance in the Context of Competing Public Health Priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Perspective from Malawi

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health that is predicted to impact most heavily on sub-Saharan Africa, however there is a lack of clinical outcome data from drug-resistant infections in this setting. There are reasons to expect the COVID-19 pandemic to have both positive and negative impacts on AMR in Africa. We have recruited a series of prospective longitudinal cohorts from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi and the surrounding communities in the Southern Region of Malawi. The data from these cohorts has been used to describe the aetiology of febrile illness, the burden of antimicrobial resistance in this setting and the distribution of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria in humans, animals and the environment. Amongst a cohort of patients presenting to QECH unwell with febrile illness, 67% were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We identified a diagnosis in 145 of 225 (64%) participants, most commonly tuberculosis (TB;34%) followed by invasive bacterial infections (17%), arboviral infections (13%), and malaria (9%). In a second cohort with drug resistant infection, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was associated with an increased probability of in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.44, 95% CI 1.02-2.04), longer hospital stays (1.5 days, 1.0-2.0) and decreased probability of discharge alive (HR 0.31, 0.22-0.45). In the community cohorts, a paucity of environmental health infrastructure and materials for safe sanitation was identified across all sites and ESBL-Enterobacterales were isolated from 41.8% of human stool, 29.8% of animal stool and 66.2% of river water samples and was associated with the wet season, living in urban areas, advanced age and in household-animal interactions. Life threatening febrile illness is common in Blantyre however, diagnostics are few, however the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid expansion of diagnostic capacity. We are, however frequently treating the wrong bugs with ceftriaxone, further there was significant expansion of azithromycin demand and usage during the pandemic. Current management of sepsis has not been optimised and ceftriaxone use is promoting carriage of ESBL bacteria out of the hospital and ESBL E. coli and K. pneumoniae are ubiquitous in the community, where environmental hygiene infrastructure and community antimicrobial stewardship are critically lacking.Copyright © 2023

Nitazoxanide and azithromycin for the early treatment of COVID-19: A multi-spectroscopic, biochemical and computational drug–drug interaction study

Herein, we present an experimental and theoretical drug–drug interaction study between nitazoxanide (NTZ) and azithromycin (AZT) in an aqueous solution. Interaction was studied by using UV/Vis, fluorescence, attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, while molecular docking studies were performed to establish the interaction computationally. A bright yellow color was observed when the two drugs interacted, giving a hyperchromic band at 420 nm. The rate of absorbance was linearly increased by increasing drug concentrations and in a time-dependent manner. Stability of the interaction complex (i.e., NTZ: AZT) was measured at variable temperatures (25–80°C), pH (5.0–10.0) and ionic strength (0.05–2.0 M NaCl), and not only proved stable but also retained antimicrobial potential with reduced cellular toxicity. Mole ratio and Job's method of continuous variations were used to establish the binding stoichiometry and found to be 2:1. The calculated binding constant (kb = 8,400 M−1) and Gibb's free energy (ΔG° = −22.4 KJ/mol) also suggested an energetically favorable interaction. FTIR spectra of NTZ: AZT complex in comparison with two drugs alone revealed significant interaction which was nicely complemented by molecular docking studies. Interaction was also successfully demonstrated in presence of carrier protein HSA and by spiking the two drugs in real samples of human plasma and urine. © 2023 The Chemical Society Located in Taipei & Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Application and mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: research progress

[ ] The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.Copyright © 2022, Second Military Medical University Press. All rights reserved.

Attitudes, Practices and Knowledge of Honduran Physicians in the Prescription of Antibiotics in Covid-19

Intro: Antimicrobial resistance has been considered a global health problem, being one of the 10 most important public health problems worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of antibiotics were used without any control, both on an outpatient basis and in hospitalization, which can have serious consequences. Method(s): Prior informed consent, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 322 physicians. A survey was carried out in Google forms, and it was shared by telephone messages and social networks. Finding(s): 322 physicians, 60.9% women and 39.1% men, mean age 33.4 years, 85.9% general practitioners, 11.5% specialist physicians. 47.2% work in private institutions, 36% in public centers. Antibiotic policies in institutions: 50.3% do not have regulations for the use of antibiotics in COVID-19, only 29.5% work with policies to control the use of antibiotics and control measures against antibiotic resistance, 73.9% lack a committee for infection control and prevention of antibiotic resistance. Use of antibiotics: only 20.8% never used antibiotics in COVID-19, 45.6% used antibiotics in severe COVID-19, 40.4% hospitalized patients, and 33.5% outpatients. The most used antibiotics were azithromycin (67.1%), levofloxacin (53.4%), ceftriaxone (53.4%), and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (34.8%). 43.2% consider that using antibiotics can reduce mortality in moderate and severe COVID-19, 50.3% believe antibiotics should be suspended if there is clinical improvement, 96.3% believe there is an increase in self-medication of antibiotics, 59.8% consider that they used antibiotics inconrrectly at some point, 58.1% consider antibiotic resistance to be a problem in their workplace. 86.3% currently make less use of antibiotics in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion(s): In Honduras, there are deficiencies in policies for the use of antibiotics and control of antimicrobial resistance. Most doctors consider that they have used antibiotics incorrectly, including antibiotics that can generate resistance.Copyright © 2023

Application and mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019: research progress

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.